Thank you for the source, Susie
The following are selected quotes from the the essay.
~
Latinos
have not only taken tremendous pride in their
record of military service, they have also
adroitly used their status as soldiers and veter‐
ans to advance the equal treatment and inte‐
gration of Latinos within U.S. society.
255;
In 1862, President Abraham Lin‐
coln established the Medal of Honor as the na‐
tion’s highest recognition for extraordinary
military service. During the conflict, three Lati‐
nos were bestowed this honor – the first three
of the present total of 44.
~
Not until March 1917,
did Congress, through the Jones Act, make
Puerto Ricans citizens of the U.S. The same act
also made more than 236,000 Puerto Ricans
immediately eligible for conscription. The fol‐
lowing month, the U.S. entered World War I.18
Ever since, critics of U.S. policy have found the
timing of the Jones Act suspicious, implicitly
suggesting that the U.S. government’s ulterior
motive in granting citizenship to Puerto Ricans
was to increase the number of available fight‐
ing men on the eve of war. To the dismay of
many islanders, however, nothing could have
been further from the truth. Puerto Ricans ea‐
gerly registered for the draft, trained on
the
island, and, ultimately, 18,000 served in
the
war
~
Once the U.S. entered
World War I, officials on the mainland followed
suit, allowing light‐skinned Puerto Ricans to
join regular units while shunting dark‐skinned
Puerto Ricans to all‐African American
units.
While their status as whites makes retrieving
information about Puerto Ricans who served in
regular units difficult, more is known about the
fate of Afro‐Puerto Ricans, especially those sol‐
diers who ended up fighting – and playing
–
with the 369th Infantry Regiment from Har‐
lem.
~
Among
those Mexican im‐
migrants who did serve [in WWI], for
example, Marcelino Serna
stood out for single‐
handedly capturing 24 German soldiers after a
German bullet had grazed his head. Perhaps
even more impressive, Serna prevented anoth‐
er American soldier from summarily executing
all the captives in the heat of the
moment.
~
For his part, Manuel C. Gonzales of San
Antonio wondered whether Mexican Ameri‐
cans after the war would be accepted as citi‐
zens as they had been ac‐
cepted as soldiers. “In a
time of peace are the good
people of our country to
receive us as Americans,”
he asked, “or are we to
step back into the role of
“an alien” until another
war is had?” To ensure the
former alternative, in
1929 Gonzales, Saenz, and
many other World War I
veterans helped found the
League of United Latin
American Citizens (LULAC) to battle segrega‐
tion directed against Mexican Americans. To‐
day it remains the largest Latino civil
rights
advocacy group nationally.
~
massive
Mexican American participation in World War
II, the most recent estimate being that
some
500,000 Mexican Americans served in the con‐
flict.25 For many, a novel sensation of belonging
accompanied the experience.
~
Medal of Honor recipient Silvestre Herrera ex‐
plained his decision to enter a minefield and
single‐handedly attack an enemy stronghold in
France, a decision that cost him both feet in an
explosion, “I am a Mexican‐American and we
have a tradition. We’re supposed to be men,
not sissies.”
~
When told to leave [because of his
ethnicity],
however, Macario Garcia,
another Medal of Honor reci‐
pient, refused to do so and
instead got into a scuffle with
the café owner. Although local
city officials charged Garcia
with aggravated assault, na‐
tionally he won in the court of
public opinion, especially af‐
ter the radio celebrity Walter
Winchell decried the injustice
of the incident on his pro‐
gram. Especially after fighting
a fascist dictatorship that championed an ide‐
ology of racial supremacy, the idea that war‐
time sacrifice merited peacetime equality re‐
sonated with more Americans than ever
~
While thousands of eth‐
nic group members had looked upon Korea as
a necessary Cold War conflict and yet another
opportunity to serve their country, some came
to a different conclusion regarding Vietnam. A
few individual Mexican American young men
decided against serving in the conflict and
thousands more, men and women alike, dem‐
onstrated against the war. In fact, until 2006
and nationwide demonstrations on behalf of
immigrants’ rights, the largest Latino demon‐
stration ever had been an anti‐war protest
march that occurred on August 29, 1970 in Los
Angeles. Organized by the National Chicano
Moratorium Committee Against the War in
Vietnam, Chicano anti‐war activists
kept the
civil rights strategy cemented in World War II
but employed it with a twist. While veterans in
the post‐World War II era had asked for equali‐
ty premised on their military service, anti‐war
Chicanos asked why they should continue to
serve in the face of contin‐
ued inequality. They
pointed to evidence of dis‐
proportionate casualty
rates: a 1967 Ford Founda‐
tion study that suggested
that although Mexican
Americans comprised just
13.8 percent of the South‐
west’s population, they
comprised 19.4 percent of
all casualties. Anti‐war Chi‐
canos blamed the era’s
draft system, which origi‐
nally had provided auto‐
matic deferments for colleges students at a
time when roughly half of the Mexican‐origin
population lacked even an eighth grade educa‐
tion.42 Ironically, even as Chicano anti‐war ac‐
tivists criticized the country, their protest was
arguably a sign of assimilation. Just as the rest
of the nation was deeply divided about the war
in Vietnam, so too were Mexican Americans
~
In the end, however,
thousands of Mexican Americans served in the
Vietnam War for the same reason they
had
served in previous wars: because their country
called them.
~
: Looking toward the future, the
armed forces realize that giv‐
en the country’s demograph‐
ics, successful recruitment for
all branches of the military
depends upon the successful
recruitment of Latinos. In fact, one of
the
greatest champions of the long history of Lati‐
nos in the U.S. military is the Department
of
Defense.
~
According to a 2009 academic article
entitled, “The Army’s Hispanic
Future,” the number
one reason Latinos join the ar‐
my is: “to serve my country.”
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